These differences have been attributed to many factors: Geography, climate, trade, interregional conflict, and ethnic affiliation. 36001200 BCE) has indicated a much different picture of settlement than expected. Over the last several decades, investigation of settlement trends during the Bronze Age (c. This research has been possible because of large-scale archaeological survey and excavation projects in the region, and the compilation of national-scale archaeological databases (Palumbo 1994, Savage 2007) that enable settlement pattern research. 3600 to 2000 BCE) and continuing through the Ottoman Period (1517 to 1918) (LaBianca 1990). Over the past generation, archaeological research in the southern Levant (primarily Israel, the West Bank and Jordan) has revealed several cycles of settlement aggregation and dissolution starting in the Early Bronze Age (ca. We begin with a discussion of the research that informs our study. These sites have varying degrees of impacts from sources as diverse as agricultural expansion, fertilizer extraction, warfare, and urban development. We document changing conditions on 82 archaeological tell sites in Lebanon, which have remains from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages. We describe our methods of land classification and present the results as applied to our site sample. In brief, we report on our efforts to develop automated site detection with ImageJ, and our site selection process. Our work was accomplished in two phases, which are discussed in detail below. The second question, and the work undertaken in this project, was designed to produce methods of site identification and condition assessment leading to an inventory of EBA and MBA sites in the northern Levant for addressing the first question. 3600 to 2000 BCE) in the Levant caused by climatic change? 2) How has recent development impacted the condition of archaeological sites in regions made inaccessible through conflict? The first of these questions will be the subject of dissertation research by Rempel. Our initial proposal posited two primary research questions related to urban development and collapse through the use of remotely sensed archaeological site data: 1) Was the urban collapse at the end of the Early Bronze Age (EBA ca. This report details a thorough examination of 82 archaeological tell sites in Lebanon, chosen from an initial inventory of more than 1300 sites (Lehmann 2002) because of their documented Early and Middle Bronze Age (ca. In this document we present the final report of our NASA ROSES 2009 research project, “Climate Change and Human Impact on Ancient and Modern Settlements: Identification and Condition Assessment of Archaeological Sites in the Northern Levant from Landsat, ASTER and CORONA imagery.” The report covers two major phases of effort: 1) georeferencing CORONA imagery for the northern Levant, and determining site locations and boundaries 2) land classification and digitizing of sites and buffers in 1970 CORONA imagery and 2010 Google Earth imagery, with comparison to Landsat and ASTER imagery from the 1997-2001 period, statistical analysis of land classifications, and uploading results into the Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land ( ). For the sake of this presentation, each site's data and its four satellite images are displayed together.Īppendix C: CORONA 25 km2 Individual Tile Analysis Sites and Satellite Images Note: This is the equivalent of Appendices A and B. Summary: Impacts of this Project on the Archaeology of the Levant Land Use Change over Forty Years – Major Trends Observed Impacts – Housing/Infrastructure Development Observed Impacts – Warfare and Military Activity Warfare in Lebanon and its Impact on Archaeological Sites The Impact of Warfare on Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Sites Observed Impacts – Archaeological Excavation and LootingĮxacerbating Factors that Encourage Looting in Lebanon The Impact of Archaeological Excavation and Looting on Sites Observed Impacts -Agricultural Land Use on Archaeological Sites in Lebanonĭevelopmental Impacts on Archaeological Sites The Impact of Agriculture on Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Sites Major Sources of Adverse Impact on Archaeological Sites in Lebanon Summary of CORONA image analysis with ImageJĬlassification and Quantification Procedures Phase I: Identification of Sites from Satellite Imagery
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